CHPMustang
Senior Member
AAMA
American Automobile Manufacturers Association consisting of Chrysler, Ford Motor Company and General Motors. Headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, AAMA proposes lubricant standard classifications and specifications for the U.S. automobile industry.
acidity
The amount of free acid in any substance.
additive
An agent used for imparting new or for improving existing characteristics of lubricating oils or greases.
additive treat level
The total percentage of all additives in an lubricating oil or grease.
AGMA
Abbreviation for American Gear Manufacturers Association.
air entrainment
The incorporation of air in the form of bubbles as a dispersed phase in the bulk liquid. Air may be entrained in a liquid through mechanical means and/or by release of dissolved air due to a sudden change in environment. The presence of entrained air is usually readily apparent from the appearance of the liquid (ex: bubbly, opaque, etc.) while dissolved air can only be determined by analysis.
alkali
In chemistry, any substance having marked basic properties. In its restricted and common sense, the term is applied only to hydroxides of ammonium, lithium, potassium, and sodium. They are soluble in water. They have the power to neutralize acids and to form salts with them and to turn red litmus blue. In a more general sense, the term is also applied to the hydroxides of the so-called alkaline earth metals-barium, calcium and strontium.
Almen EP lubricant tester
A journal bearing machine used for determining the load-carrying capacity or extreme pressure properties of gear lubricants.
aniline point
The minimum temperature for complete miscibility of equal volumes of aniline and the sample under test. ASTM Method D-611 describes procedures for determining aniline point and mixed aniline point of petroleum products and hydrocarbon solvents. A product of high aniline point will be low in aromatics and naphthenes and, therefore, high in paraffins. Aniline point is often specified for spray oils, cleaning solvents, and thinners, where effectiveness depends upon aromatic content. In conjunction with API gravity, the aniline point may be used to calculate the net heat of combustion of aviation fuels.
antifoam agent
An additive used for controlling foam.
Anti-friction bearing
A type of bearing employing rollers or balls. They are now usually called rolling bearings.
Antiknock
Resistance to detonation or pinging in spark-ignition engines.
antioxidant
A chemical agent added to gasoline, lubricating oil, etc., to inhibit oxidation.
API
American Petroleum Institute.
API Engine Service Classification System
Classifications and designations for lubricating oils for automotive engines developed by API in conjunction with SAE and ASTM.
API gravity
An arbitrary scale expressing the gravity or density of liquid petroleum products. The measuring scale is calibrated in terms of degrees API. It may be calculated in terms of the following formula:
Deg API = 141.5 - 131.5
sp gr 60°F/60°F
apparent viscosity
The ratio of shear stress to rate of shear of a non-Newtonian fluid such as lubricating grease, calculated from
Poiseuille's equation and measured in poises. The apparent viscosity changes with changing rates of shear and temperature and must, therefore, be reported as the value at a given shear rate and temperature (ASTM Method D-1092).
aromatic (adjective)
Derived from, or characterized by, the presence of the benzene ring.
ash content
The percent by weight of residue left after combustion of a sample of a fuel oil or other petroleum oil; it is usually determined in the United States by ASTM Method D-482.
asphalt
Black to dark-brown solid or semisolid cementitious material which gradually liquefies when heated and in which the predominating constituents are bitumens. These occur in the solid or semisolid form in nature; are obtained by refining petroleum; or are combinations with one another or with petroleum or derivatives thereof.
asphaltic
Essentially composed of, or similar to, asphalt; frequently applied to lubricating oils derived from crude oils which contain asphalt.
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials, which Committee D-2 is on Petroleum Products and Lubricants.
ASTM colorimeter
Apparatus widely used for determining the color of lubricating oil. It is described in ASTM Method D-1500. The color so determined is known as ASTM Color.
ASTM gum test
1. An analytical method for determining the amount of existing gum in a gasoline by evaporating a sample from a glass dish on an elevated-temperature bath with the aid of circulating air.
2. Any gum test carried out in accordance with an ASTM gum test procedure. (ASTM Method D-381 and ASTM Method D-525 are generally used in the United States for the determination of gum in motor gasoline.)
ASTM melting point
The temperature at which wax first shows a minimum rate of temperature change; also known as the English melting point.
autoignition
The spontaneous ignition, and the resulting very rapid reaction, of a portion or all of the fuel-air mixture in an engine. The flame speed is many times greater than that which follows normal spark ignition. The noise associated with it is called knock.
barrel
A unit of liquid measure comprised of 42 gallons. Used to measure quantities of crude oil, gasoline and fuel oils.
batch
Any quantity of material handled or considered as a unit in processing.
bentonite
The mineral montmorillonite, a magnesium-aluminum silicate. Used as a treating agent, as a component of drilling mud, and in greases.
biodegradation
The process of chemical breakdown or transformation of a substance caused by biological systems (micro-organisms and their enzymes).
bloom fluorescence
The color of an oil by reflected light when this differs from its color by transmitted light. For certain purposes the trade has preferred oils of yellowish-green rather than bluish-green bloom. This demand can be met by special processing.
boiling point
The temperature at which a substance boils or is converted into vapor by bubbles forming within the liquid; it varies with pressure.
boundary lubrication
A state of lubrication existing when conditions of bearings, design, feed, load, and method of application of the lubricant do not permit the formation of a separating lubricant film by hydrodynamic action. Under these conditions, adsorption of the lubricant or of some of the active components of the lubricant upon the bearing surface, or the formation of low-shear-strength chemical compounds by the reaction of the components of the lubricant with the bearing surfaces, reduces the metallic contact and determines the character of the frictional resistance.
bright stock
Refined, high viscosity lubricating oils usually made from residual stocks by suitable treatment, such as a combination of acid treatment or solvent extraction with dewaxing or clay finishing.
British thermal unit (BTU)
The quantity of heat required to raise, by 1°F, the temperature of water at its maximum density (39.2°F).
CEC
Coordinating European Council, which test method CEC L-33-A93 (formerly CEC L-33-T82) is widely used to determine the primary biodegradation of lubricants.
centistoke
The unit of kinematic viscosity.
cetane number (calculated)
The cetane number of distillate fuels as estimated from the API gravity and midboiling point by using a formula given in Appendix II of ASTM Method D-975. This estimate is used if a standard test engine is not available, or if the sample is too small for an engine test.
cetane number (test method)
The percentage by volume of normal cetane, in a blend with heptamethylnonae (HMN), which matches the ignition quality of the fuel when compared by the procedure specified in ASTM Method D-613.
cetane number improver
A substance which, when added to a diesel fuel, has the effect of increasing its cetane number. In this class are nitro alkanes, nitrates, nitro carbonates, and peroxides.
cetane index
An approximation of cetane number based on API gravity and mid-boiling point of a fuel.
CFR
Coordinating Fuel and Equipment Research Committee, composed of engine-manufacturing, petroleum-refining, petroleum-consuming, university, government, and other technical men who supervise cooperate testing and study of engine fuels for the Coordinating Research Council, Inc.
channeling
1. The phenomenon observed among gear lubricants and greases when they thicken, due to cold weather or other causes, to such an extent that a groove is formed through which the part to be lubricated moves without actually coming in full contact with the lubricant. 2. A term used in percolation filtration; may be defined as a preponderance of flow through certain portions of the clay bed.
cloud point
With respect to a petroleum oil, the temperature at which paraffin wax or other solid substances begin to crystallize or separate from the solution, imparting a cloudy appearance to the oil when the oil is chilled under prescribed conditions. These conditions are described in ASTM Method D 97.
color
A factor in the identification, rather than in the quality rating of a petroleum product - except where staining or appearance are considerations. See specific types of color under alphabetic listing.
complex grease
A lubricating grease thickened by a complex soap consisting of a normal soap and a complex agent. The use of soap complexes gives products which have higher softening points than similar lubricants made from normal soaps.
compounding
The addition of fatty oils and similar materials to lubricants to impart special properties. Lubricating oils to which such materials have been added are known as compounded oils.
Coordinating Research Council, Inc. (CRC)
An organization supported jointly by the American Petroleum Institute and the Society of Automotive Engineers, and which administers the work of CFR (see page 167) and other committees pertaining to correlation of test work on fuels, lubricants, engines, etc.
copper strip corrosion (ASTM D 130)
The gradual eating away of metallic surfaces as the result of oxidation or other chemical action. It is caused by acids or other corrosive agents.
corrosion
The gradual eating away of metallic surfaces as the result of oxidation or other chemical action. It is caused by acids or other corrosive agents.
American Automobile Manufacturers Association consisting of Chrysler, Ford Motor Company and General Motors. Headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, AAMA proposes lubricant standard classifications and specifications for the U.S. automobile industry.
acidity
The amount of free acid in any substance.
additive
An agent used for imparting new or for improving existing characteristics of lubricating oils or greases.
additive treat level
The total percentage of all additives in an lubricating oil or grease.
AGMA
Abbreviation for American Gear Manufacturers Association.
air entrainment
The incorporation of air in the form of bubbles as a dispersed phase in the bulk liquid. Air may be entrained in a liquid through mechanical means and/or by release of dissolved air due to a sudden change in environment. The presence of entrained air is usually readily apparent from the appearance of the liquid (ex: bubbly, opaque, etc.) while dissolved air can only be determined by analysis.
alkali
In chemistry, any substance having marked basic properties. In its restricted and common sense, the term is applied only to hydroxides of ammonium, lithium, potassium, and sodium. They are soluble in water. They have the power to neutralize acids and to form salts with them and to turn red litmus blue. In a more general sense, the term is also applied to the hydroxides of the so-called alkaline earth metals-barium, calcium and strontium.
Almen EP lubricant tester
A journal bearing machine used for determining the load-carrying capacity or extreme pressure properties of gear lubricants.
aniline point
The minimum temperature for complete miscibility of equal volumes of aniline and the sample under test. ASTM Method D-611 describes procedures for determining aniline point and mixed aniline point of petroleum products and hydrocarbon solvents. A product of high aniline point will be low in aromatics and naphthenes and, therefore, high in paraffins. Aniline point is often specified for spray oils, cleaning solvents, and thinners, where effectiveness depends upon aromatic content. In conjunction with API gravity, the aniline point may be used to calculate the net heat of combustion of aviation fuels.
antifoam agent
An additive used for controlling foam.
Anti-friction bearing
A type of bearing employing rollers or balls. They are now usually called rolling bearings.
Antiknock
Resistance to detonation or pinging in spark-ignition engines.
antioxidant
A chemical agent added to gasoline, lubricating oil, etc., to inhibit oxidation.
API
American Petroleum Institute.
API Engine Service Classification System
Classifications and designations for lubricating oils for automotive engines developed by API in conjunction with SAE and ASTM.
API gravity
An arbitrary scale expressing the gravity or density of liquid petroleum products. The measuring scale is calibrated in terms of degrees API. It may be calculated in terms of the following formula:
Deg API = 141.5 - 131.5
sp gr 60°F/60°F
apparent viscosity
The ratio of shear stress to rate of shear of a non-Newtonian fluid such as lubricating grease, calculated from
Poiseuille's equation and measured in poises. The apparent viscosity changes with changing rates of shear and temperature and must, therefore, be reported as the value at a given shear rate and temperature (ASTM Method D-1092).
aromatic (adjective)
Derived from, or characterized by, the presence of the benzene ring.
ash content
The percent by weight of residue left after combustion of a sample of a fuel oil or other petroleum oil; it is usually determined in the United States by ASTM Method D-482.
asphalt
Black to dark-brown solid or semisolid cementitious material which gradually liquefies when heated and in which the predominating constituents are bitumens. These occur in the solid or semisolid form in nature; are obtained by refining petroleum; or are combinations with one another or with petroleum or derivatives thereof.
asphaltic
Essentially composed of, or similar to, asphalt; frequently applied to lubricating oils derived from crude oils which contain asphalt.
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials, which Committee D-2 is on Petroleum Products and Lubricants.
ASTM colorimeter
Apparatus widely used for determining the color of lubricating oil. It is described in ASTM Method D-1500. The color so determined is known as ASTM Color.
ASTM gum test
1. An analytical method for determining the amount of existing gum in a gasoline by evaporating a sample from a glass dish on an elevated-temperature bath with the aid of circulating air.
2. Any gum test carried out in accordance with an ASTM gum test procedure. (ASTM Method D-381 and ASTM Method D-525 are generally used in the United States for the determination of gum in motor gasoline.)
ASTM melting point
The temperature at which wax first shows a minimum rate of temperature change; also known as the English melting point.
autoignition
The spontaneous ignition, and the resulting very rapid reaction, of a portion or all of the fuel-air mixture in an engine. The flame speed is many times greater than that which follows normal spark ignition. The noise associated with it is called knock.
barrel
A unit of liquid measure comprised of 42 gallons. Used to measure quantities of crude oil, gasoline and fuel oils.
batch
Any quantity of material handled or considered as a unit in processing.
bentonite
The mineral montmorillonite, a magnesium-aluminum silicate. Used as a treating agent, as a component of drilling mud, and in greases.
biodegradation
The process of chemical breakdown or transformation of a substance caused by biological systems (micro-organisms and their enzymes).
bloom fluorescence
The color of an oil by reflected light when this differs from its color by transmitted light. For certain purposes the trade has preferred oils of yellowish-green rather than bluish-green bloom. This demand can be met by special processing.
boiling point
The temperature at which a substance boils or is converted into vapor by bubbles forming within the liquid; it varies with pressure.
boundary lubrication
A state of lubrication existing when conditions of bearings, design, feed, load, and method of application of the lubricant do not permit the formation of a separating lubricant film by hydrodynamic action. Under these conditions, adsorption of the lubricant or of some of the active components of the lubricant upon the bearing surface, or the formation of low-shear-strength chemical compounds by the reaction of the components of the lubricant with the bearing surfaces, reduces the metallic contact and determines the character of the frictional resistance.
bright stock
Refined, high viscosity lubricating oils usually made from residual stocks by suitable treatment, such as a combination of acid treatment or solvent extraction with dewaxing or clay finishing.
British thermal unit (BTU)
The quantity of heat required to raise, by 1°F, the temperature of water at its maximum density (39.2°F).
CEC
Coordinating European Council, which test method CEC L-33-A93 (formerly CEC L-33-T82) is widely used to determine the primary biodegradation of lubricants.
centistoke
The unit of kinematic viscosity.
cetane number (calculated)
The cetane number of distillate fuels as estimated from the API gravity and midboiling point by using a formula given in Appendix II of ASTM Method D-975. This estimate is used if a standard test engine is not available, or if the sample is too small for an engine test.
cetane number (test method)
The percentage by volume of normal cetane, in a blend with heptamethylnonae (HMN), which matches the ignition quality of the fuel when compared by the procedure specified in ASTM Method D-613.
cetane number improver
A substance which, when added to a diesel fuel, has the effect of increasing its cetane number. In this class are nitro alkanes, nitrates, nitro carbonates, and peroxides.
cetane index
An approximation of cetane number based on API gravity and mid-boiling point of a fuel.
CFR
Coordinating Fuel and Equipment Research Committee, composed of engine-manufacturing, petroleum-refining, petroleum-consuming, university, government, and other technical men who supervise cooperate testing and study of engine fuels for the Coordinating Research Council, Inc.
channeling
1. The phenomenon observed among gear lubricants and greases when they thicken, due to cold weather or other causes, to such an extent that a groove is formed through which the part to be lubricated moves without actually coming in full contact with the lubricant. 2. A term used in percolation filtration; may be defined as a preponderance of flow through certain portions of the clay bed.
cloud point
With respect to a petroleum oil, the temperature at which paraffin wax or other solid substances begin to crystallize or separate from the solution, imparting a cloudy appearance to the oil when the oil is chilled under prescribed conditions. These conditions are described in ASTM Method D 97.
color
A factor in the identification, rather than in the quality rating of a petroleum product - except where staining or appearance are considerations. See specific types of color under alphabetic listing.
complex grease
A lubricating grease thickened by a complex soap consisting of a normal soap and a complex agent. The use of soap complexes gives products which have higher softening points than similar lubricants made from normal soaps.
compounding
The addition of fatty oils and similar materials to lubricants to impart special properties. Lubricating oils to which such materials have been added are known as compounded oils.
Coordinating Research Council, Inc. (CRC)
An organization supported jointly by the American Petroleum Institute and the Society of Automotive Engineers, and which administers the work of CFR (see page 167) and other committees pertaining to correlation of test work on fuels, lubricants, engines, etc.
copper strip corrosion (ASTM D 130)
The gradual eating away of metallic surfaces as the result of oxidation or other chemical action. It is caused by acids or other corrosive agents.
corrosion
The gradual eating away of metallic surfaces as the result of oxidation or other chemical action. It is caused by acids or other corrosive agents.